Complete the sentences using the present perfect simple and the appropriate adverb (already, just, ever, never, still, almost, nearly, always, often, rarely, seldom).

1. I ____________ (see) that movie.(GIA')
2. She ____________ (finish) her homework. (APPENA)
3. They ____________ (be) to Paris. (MAI)
4. He ____________ (arrive).(QUASI)
5. I____________ (study) a lot (SEMPRE)
6. It ____________ (rain) this week.(RARAMENTE)
7. I ____________ (try) sushi.(MAI)
8. She ____________ (visit) her grandparents.(SPESSO)
9. They ____________ (complete) the project.(QUASI)
10. I ____________ (meet) such a kind person.(RARAMENTE)

Here are the answers:

1. I have already seen that movie.
2. She has just finished her homework.
3. They have never been to Paris.
4. He has almost/nearly arrived. (Both work here)
5. We have always known each other for years.
6. It has rarely/seldom rained this week. (Both work here)
7. I have never tried sushi.
8. She has often visited her grandparents.
9. They have nearly/almost completed the project. (Both work here)
10. I have rarely/seldom met such a kind person. (Both work here)

Exercise: Complete the sentences using the present perfect simple and the appropriate adverb (yet, so far, up to now, recently, lately, in the last few days, before, once, twice, three times).

1. I ____________ (not see) him ____________.(ANCORA)
2. She ____________ (visit) that museum ____________.(DUE VOLTE)
3. They ____________ (not finish) the project ____________.(FINO AD ORA)
4. We ____________ (eat) at that restaurant ____________.(UNA VOLTA)
5. He ____________ (not call) me ____________.(RECENTEMENTE)
6. ____________ you ____________ (travel) abroad ____________?(PRIMA)
7. I ____________ (read) three books ____________.(NEGLI ULTIMI GIORNI)
8. She ____________ (change) her mind ____________.(RECENTEMENTE)
9. They ____________ (not make) any progress ____________.(FINO AD ORA)
10. I ____________ (meet) her ____________.(UNA VOLTA)
11. We ____________ (have) a lot of rain ____________.(NEGLI ULTIMI GIORNI)
12. He ____________ (not write) to me ____________.(ANCORA)
13. You ____________ (see) that movie ____________?(PRIMA)
14. She ____________ (be) to that city ____________.(TRE VOLTE)
15. I ____________ (finish) cleaning ____________.(ANCORA)

Here are the answers:

1. I haven't seen him yet.
2. She has visited that museum twice.
3. They haven't finished the project so far/up to now. (Both work here)
4. We have eaten at that restaurant once.
5. He hasn't called me lately/recently/in the last few days. (All work here)
6. Have you ever traveled abroad before?
7. I have read three books in the last few days.
8. She has changed her mind recently/lately. (Both work here)
9. They haven't made any progress so far/up to now. (Both work here)
10. I have met her once.
11. We have had a lot of rain lately/recently/in the last few days. (All work here)
12. He hasn't written to me yet.
13. Have you seen that movie before?
14. She has been to that city three times.
15. I haven't finished cleaning yet.

Exercise: Complete the sentences using "have been" or "have gone."

1. She ____________ to Paris, but she's back now.
2. They ____________ to the store; they'll be back in an hour.
3. I ____________ to that restaurant many times.
4. He ____________ to the library; he's studying for exams.
5. We ____________ to the beach, and we're very sunburned.

TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES 

1. Ho già mangiato la pizza. 
2. Non ho mai visitato Roma. 
3. Sei mai stato in Italia?
4. Abbiamo appena finito di guardare il film. 
5. Loro hanno visto quel film due volte. 
6. Non ho ancora letto quel libro. 
7. Lei ha vissuto qui per cinque anni. 
8. Abbiamo fatto molta strada finora. 
9. Recentemente, ho imparato a suonare la chitarra.
10. Quante volte hai incontrato quel attore? 

Exercise - Sentences designed to test the difference between the Present Perfect and Past Simple tenses:

1. I (saw/have seen) that movie last night.
2. (Did you eat/Have you eaten) lunch yet?
3. She (lived/has lived) in Paris for five years before moving to Rome.
4. They (went/have gone) to the beach yesterday.
5. (Did he finish/Has he finished) his homework?
6. We (visited/have visited) the museum in 2018.
7. I (lost/have lost) my keys, I can't find them anywhere.
8. She (wrote/has written) three novels so far.
9. They (bought/have bought) a new car last week.
10. (Did you ever travel/Have you ever traveled) to Japan?
11. He (broke/has broken) his leg while skiing.
12. I (didn't see/haven't seen) him yet
13. She (just cooked/has just cooked) dinner, it smells delicious.
14. We (went/have gone) to Spain last summer.
15. (Did you meet/Have you met) the new teacher lately?

EXERCISE  10 sentences to be completed with the verbs you provided, ensuring they make sense in the context of human relationships:make friends, break up, cheat on, get along, get on well, split up, quarrel, be best friends, be fair, argue, be close , have a row, make up, get on well, be best friends

1. They used to ____________ but now they're barely speaking.
2. It's important to ____________ with everyone in your team.
3. After a terrible fight, they decided to ____________.
4. She was devastated when she found out he ____________ her.
5. They've been ____________ since childhood.
6. It's not ____________ to blame only one person for the problem.
7. We used to ____________ all the time, but now we're more mature.
8. They ____________ easily with new people.
9. After a heated ____________, they decided to forgive each other and ____________.
10. It's difficult to ____________ in a new city if you're shy.

Here are the answers:

1. They used to be best friends but now they're barely speaking.
2. It's important to get along/get on well with everyone in your team. (Both work here)
3. After a terrible fight, they decided to split up/break up. (Both work here)
4. She was devastated when she found out he cheated on her.
5. They've been close since childhood.
6. It's not fair to blame only one person for the problem.
7. We used to quarrel/argue/have a row all the time, but now we're more mature. (All work here)
8. They make friends easily with new people.
9. After a heated argument/row, they decided to forgive each other and make up. (Both work here)
10. It's difficult to make friends in a new city if you're shy.

Exercise - Sentences designed to test the difference between the Present Perfect and Past Simple tenses:

1. I (saw/have seen) that movie last night.
2. (Did you eat/Have you eaten) lunch yet?
3. She (lived/has lived) in Paris for five years before moving to Rome.
4. They (went/have gone) to the beach yesterday.
5. (Did he finish/Has he finished) his homework?
6. We (visited/have visited) the museum in 2018.
7. I (lost/have lost) my keys, I can't find them anywhere.
8. She (wrote/has written) three novels so far.
9. They (bought/have bought) a new car last week.
10. (Did you ever travel/Have you ever traveled) to Japan?
11. He (broke/has broken) his leg while skiing.
12. I (didn't see/haven't seen) him yet
13. She (just cooked/has just cooked) dinner, it smells delicious.
14. We (went/have gone) to Spain last summer.
15. (Did you meet/Have you met) the new teacher lately?

Exercises- Frasi da tradurre 

Ho visto quel film l'anno scorso. (I saw that movie last year.)

Avete mai incontrato un regista famoso? (Have you ever met a famous director?)

Il nuovo film di Nolan è uscito la settimana scorsa. (Nolan's new film was released last week.)

Hanno vinto l'Oscar nel 2018. (They won the Oscar in 2018.)

Non ho ancora visto l'ultimo film di Tarantino. (I haven't seen Tarantino's latest film yet.)

Quante volte sei andato al cinema questo mese? (How many times have you been to the cinema this month?)

Hanno girato quel film in Italia nel 1960. (They shot that film in Italy in 1960.)

Non ho mai recitato in un film. (I have never acted in a movie.)

Quando hai visto quel documentario? (When did you see that documentary?)

Hanno appena annunciato i vincitori del festival. (They have just announced the festival winners.)

MUST vs HAVE TO

 Must vs. Have To

Generally, "must" and "have to" express obligation. However, there are subtle differences:

• Must: "Must" usually expresses an internal obligation or a strong recommendation from the speaker. It often reflects the speaker's own feeling about what is necessary. It can also indicate a rule or law, particularly when the speaker is the source of that rule.

• Example (Internal Obligation): "I must call my mother. It's her birthday, and I promised I would." (The speaker feels this obligation).

• Example (Strong Recommendation): "You must try this restaurant! The food is amazing." (The speaker strongly recommends it).

• Example (Speaker-Originated Rule): "You must finish your homework before you can play video games." (A parent setting a rule).

• Have To: "Have to" usually expresses an external obligation – something imposed by an external source, like a rule, law, or circumstance.

• Example (External Rule/Law): "Drivers have to stop at red lights." (A traffic law).

• Example (Circumstance): "I have to work late tonight to finish this project." (The situation demands it).

• Example (Habit/Routine): "I have to get up early for work." (A regular obligation).

Key Difference Summarized: "Must" is often more subjective (the speaker's feeling), while "have to" is often more objective (an external requirement).

Mustn't vs. Don't Have To

Now, let's look at the negative forms, which are where people often get confused:

• Mustn't: "Mustn't" expresses prohibition – something that is not allowed. It's a strong "no."

• Example: "You mustn't smoke in this building." (It's prohibited).

• Example: "You mustn't tell anyone my secret." (It's forbidden).

• Don't Have To: "Don't have to" expresses lack of obligation – something that is not necessary.

• Example: "You don't have to come to the party if you're tired." (It's optional).

• Example: "We don't have to buy milk. We have plenty in the fridge." (It's not needed).

Key Difference Summarized: "Mustn't" means "it is prohibited," while "don't have to" means "it is not required."

Common Mistakes and Clarifications:

• "Must" in the past: "Must" doesn't have a past form in the same way as other verbs. To express obligation in the past, we usually use "had to." For example, "I had to work late last night."

• "Have got to": "Have got to" is often used interchangeably with "have to," especially in spoken English. It carries the same meaning of external obligation. For example, "I've got to go now."

• "Will have to": This is used to express future obligation. For example, "I will have to finish this report by Friday."

In Short:

• Must: Speaker's obligation, strong recommendation, speaker-originated rule.

• Have to: External obligation, rule, law, circumstance.

• Mustn't: Prohibition (not allowed).

• Don't have to: Lack of obligation (not necessary).

By understanding these distinctions, you can use "must," "have to," "mustn't," and "don't have to" correctly and confidently.

Okay, here are 10 sentences for you to complete, using "must," "mustn't," "have to," or "don't have to":

Exercise: Complete the sentences with "must," "mustn't," "have to," or "don't have to."

1. You ____________ forget to bring your passport when you travel abroad.
2. I ____________ finish this report by tomorrow morning.
3. Children ____________ play in the street; it's dangerous.
4. We ____________ buy tickets in advance; we can get them at the door.
5. She ____________ wear a uniform at her new school.
6. You ____________ tell anyone my secret.
7. They ____________ arrive before 8 a.m. for the flight.
8. I ____________ go to the supermarket today; we have plenty of food.
9. Everyone ____________ respect the rules of the library.
10. You ____________ drive on the left in this country.

Here are the answers:

1. You mustn't forget to bring your passport when you travel abroad.
2. I have to finish this report by tomorrow morning.
3. Children mustn't play in the street; it's dangerous.
4. We don't have to buy tickets in advance; we can get them at the door.
5. She has to wear a uniform at her new school.
6. You mustn't tell anyone my secret.
7. They have to arrive before 8 a.m. for the flight.
8. I don't have to go to the supermarket today; we have plenty of food.
9. Everyone must respect the rules of the library.
10. You must drive on the left in this country.

Exercise: Complete the sentences with "must," "mustn't," "have to," "don't have to," or "don't need to."

1. You ____________ eat all the cake; just have a slice if you're hungry.
2. We ____________ be late for the meeting; the boss is very strict.
3. She ____________ buy a new phone; her old one still works perfectly.
4. You ____________ touch the paintings in the museum.
5. I ____________ go to the bank today; I can do it online.
6. They ____________ wear formal clothes to the party; it's a casual gathering.
7. He ____________ study every night; he's already very knowledgeable.
8. You ____________ tell me everything, but I'd appreciate honesty.
9. We ____________ submit the application before the deadline.
10. You ____________ worry; everything will be alright.

Here are the answers:

1. You don't have to / don't need to eat all the cake; just have a slice if you're hungry. (Both work here)
2. We mustn't be late for the meeting; the boss is very strict.
3. She doesn't need to buy a new phone; her old one still works perfectly.
4. You mustn't touch the paintings in the museum.
5. I don't have to / don't need to go to the bank today; I can do it online. (Both work here)
6. They don't have to wear formal clothes to the party; it's a casual gathering.
7. He doesn't need to study every night; he's already very knowledgeable.
8. You don't have to tell me everything, but I'd appreciate honesty.
9. We have to submit the application before the deadline.
10. You don't have to / don't need to worry; everything will be alright. (Both work here)

 

Dictations fourth class

https://dailydictation.com/exercises/english-conversations/24-what-did-you-do-yesterday.422/listen-and-type 

https://dailydictation.com/exercises/english-conversations/28-is-english-difficult.426/listen-and-type

The American System of government

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HuFR5XBYLfU&t=29s 

Dictation the United States