Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’
Università e della Ricerca
PL01 – ESAME DI STATO DI ISTRUZIONE SECONDARIA
SUPERIORE
Indirizzi: LI04, EA03 - LICEO LINGUISTICO Tema di: LINGUA STRANIERA
Sessione straordinaria 2018 Seconda prova
scritta
- INGLESE A - ATTUALITÀ How to manage AI's risks and rewards
Technological
advances in artificial intelligence (AI) promise to be pervasive, with impacts
and ramifications in health, economics, security and governance. In combination
with other emerging and converging technologies, AI has the potential to
transform our society through better decision-making and improvements to the
human condition.
But,
without adequate risk assessment and mitigation, AI may pose a threat to
existing vulnerabilities in our defences, economic systems, and social
structures, argue the authors of the Wilson Center report, Artificial
Intelligence: A Policy-Oriented Introduction, Anne Bowser, Michael Sloan,
Pietro Michelucci and Eleonore Pauwels.
Recognizing
the increasing integration of technology in society, this policy brief grounds
the present excitement around AI in an
objective analysis of capability trends before summarizing perceived benefits
and risks. It also introduces an emerging sub-field of AI known as Human
Computation, which can help achieve future AI capabilities by strategically
inserting humans in the loop where pure AI still falls short.
Policy
recommendations suggest how to maximize the benefits and minimize the risks for
science and society, particularly by incorporating human participation into
complex socio-technical systems to ensure the safe and 15 equitable development
of automated intelligence. The report offers a number of key recommendations:
Planning in an Age of Complexity: recommendations for policymakers and
funders
AI is a
critical component of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR), “a fusion of
technologies that is blurring the lines between the physical, digital, and
biological spheres.”
Compared to
previous revolutions involving processes like mechanization, mass production,
and automation, the fourth industrial revolution is characterized by the
convergence of new and emerging technologies in complex socio-technical systems
that permeate every aspect of human life.
Convergence
also implies the increasing interaction of multiple fields, such as AI,
genomics and nanotechnology, which rapidly expands the range of possible
impacts that need to be considered in any science 25 policy exercise.
Ten years
ago, nanotechnology was celebrated largely for its impacts on chemistry and
material sciences. But the ability to precision engineer matter at genetically
relevant scale has resulted in significant advances in genomics and
neurosciences, such as creating the ability to model networks of neurons. This
example illustrates how the convergence of two emerging technologies - AI and
genomics- leads to advances beyond 30 the initial capabilities of either alone.
Meeting the challenges of convergence requires drawing on a wide range of
expertise, and taking a systems approach to promoting responsible research and
innovation.
As
“outsiders” to the AI design processes, it is extremely difficult for
policymakers to estimate AI development due to limited comprehension of how the
technology functions. Many may also draw inspiration from traditional
regulatory models that are inadequate for AI, playing a catch-up game to decode
the terms of 35 reference used by researchers, or fall victim to the human
fallacy of overestimating the short-term capabilities of new technologies.
There will
be significant systems’ transformations through AI over the next few decades,
but perhaps it will be more incremental than we fear or imagine.
Conduct
broad and deep investigations into AI with leading researchers from the private
sector and 40 universities.
In the US,
early reports from policy bodies and researchers at institutions such as
Stanford offer high-level roadmaps of AI R&D. Expert groups convening under
organizations like IEEE compliment these overviews with in-depth considerations
of things like ethically-aligned AI design to maximize human well-being.
In the
near-future, AI researchers involved in collaboration with policymakers should
conduct additional in45 depth studies to better understand and anticipate
aspects of AI related to (for example) job automation at a more granular level,
considering impact across time, sectors, wage levels, education degrees, job
types and regions. For instance, rather than low-skill jobs that require
advanced hand-dexterity, AI systems might more likely replace routine but
high-level cognitive skills. Additional studies could investigate areas like
national security.
Advocate
for a systems approach to AI research and development that accounts for other
emerging technologies and promotes human participation.
AI seeks to
replicate human intelligence in machines – but humanlike intelligence already
exists in humans. Today there is an opportunity to develop superhuman
intelligence by pairing the complementary abilities of human cognition with the
best available AI methods to create hybrid distributed intelligent systems. In
other 55 words, it is in our reach to build networks of humans and machines
that sense, think, and act collectively with greater efficacy than either
humans or AI systems alone.
The emerging subfield of AI known as Human
Computation is exploring exactly those opportunities by inserting humans into
the loop in various information processing systems to perform the tasks that
exceed the abilities of machine AI. For this reason, human computation is
jokingly referred to as “Artificial AI”. […]
[760 words]
World Economic Forum: Geostrategy platform Available on line:
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/01/how-to-manage-ais-risks-and-benefits
Accessed on February 25th 2018
COMPREHENSION AND INTERPRETATION Answer the following questions. Use
complete sentences and your own words.
1. Why can it be said that AI is going to be
pervasive?
2. What
makes it possible for AI to potentially improve the human condition?
3. Why is it important to deliver an adequate
risk management process for AI, according to the authors of the Wilson Centre
report?
4.How can
the benefits of AI be maximised to outweigh the harm for both science and
society?
5. What are
two distinctive traits of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) which are
mentioned in the report?
6. What
example do the authors offer which shows the interaction of AI with multiple
fields?
7. Why does
it become difficult for those in charge of designing policies to estimate the
impact of AI?
8. What do
the authors suggest is the result of the collaboration between AI researchers
and policymakers? 9. How can human cognition and available AI methods
complement each other and to what effect?
10. What is
the authors’ purpose in writing the report and what kind of readers do you
think is it intended for?
PRODUCTION Choose one of the following questions. Number your
answer clearly to show which question you have chosen.
Either
1. The
rapid development of robotics and AI might have the potential to transform our
lives and work practice and offer enormous economic and innovative benefits for
our society. Explain how important it is to ensure a sustainable coexistence
between robots and humans and for researchers and robot designers to operate in
accordance with legal and ethical standards and provide a “safe and equitable
development of automated intelligence” (lines 14-15). Write an essay of about
300 words.
2. Or
2. A student magazine is inviting readers to contribute to series of articles
called “Amazing Future” on some societies imagined by science fiction writers.
Submit an article describing a future scenario you imagine and explaining how
humans and robots can interact and what people could be dependent on for
feelings of emotional satisfaction in this future. Write your article in about 300
words
